Blocks, nodes, smart contracts and payment layers, explained from a practical starting question.
A new validator software release sets a higher gas target on the Sepolia testnet at the scheduled Glamsterdam upgrade. The change concerns a network-capacity test; it is not an announcement of mainnet activation or fee reductions already achieved.
News Bitcoin basics
The research proposal aims to conceal transfer information without changing Bitcoin’s rules. The entry and exit mechanism is still described as a separate stage.
Explainer Bitcoin basics
Release candidate 32.0rc2 allows changes to be tested before the final version. Preparation focuses on signing compatibility, fee estimates and interface behaviour.
Explainer Ethereum and other coins
The difference between the Ethereum network, the ETH asset and software running on the network, and how to read claims about crypto applications.
Guide Blockchain and technology
Blocks, nodes and validation rules: how transactions are recorded, and the difference between information on a network and claims someone makes about it.
Explainer Bitcoin basics
The research examines protection for communications and messages on the Lightning Network. It does not replace protection for the Bitcoin transactions holding channel funds.
Guide Bitcoin basics
The difference between bitcoin and the Bitcoin network, how transactions are recorded, and why you do not need to buy a whole coin to understand the system.
Guide Blockchain and technology
An introduction to the Lightning payment layer and the questions to ask about wallets, custody and receiving payments.
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